In this tutorial, I am going to cover how to handle keyboard and mouse events using Actions classes in Selenium.

Topics to be covered - 

• What is Keyboard and Mouse events?
• Actions class in Selenium.
• How to handle different keyboard and mouse events using Actions class in Selenium?

Actions 

There are various kinds of Keyboard and Mouse events such as - 

• Drag and drop.
• Right click.
• Double click.
• MouseOver.

and so on.

Such events are handled using advanced user interactions APIs. It contains Action and Actions classes to handle such events.

In Selenium, we will use Actions class to perform such events while automating.

In order to use Actions class, we need to import one package - 

 org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;  

We will use the Mercury Tours application to demonstrate keyboard and mouse events.

#1 MouseOver - In this event, only the mouse is moved over a web-element but not clicked.

To handle MouseOver, Actions class provides a method- 

• movetoElement(WebElement element); -> element indicates on which element MouseOver will be performed.

Note - moveToElement() will just inform that on which element mouseOver will be done. It will not move the mouse over that element.

To achieve it, Actions provides two methods- 

• perform() - It completes an action which is intended to achieve. It is used when the user wants to perform a single action.
• build() - If the user wants to perform multiple actions on an element at a time, it is used. It compiles all the actions as a single one. It is followed by perform() methods.

-> These two methods are applicable to all the events mentioned above. 

-> We will get a clear picture when we do programming.

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;  
   
 public class keyboard_Mouse_Events {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
           System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
             
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           driver.get("http://newtours.demoaut.com/");  
             
           driver.manage().window().maximize();//maximizing browser.  
             
           //Creating Actions Class Object  
           Actions act = new Actions(driver);  
             
           //Locating the element to perform mouse over.  
           WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='login']"));  
             
           //Performing mouse over on the element.  
           act.moveToElement(element).perform();  
             
           }  
   
 }  
   

Explanation - 

• In this program, We are performing mouse over on the 'Login' button of Mercury Tours application highlighted in the above image.
• 'element' variable is pointing to the 'Login' button.
• We have used perform() method as we are performing only single action.
• Since it is just doing mouse over operation on the 'Login' button. So we can't visualize it.

#2 Right Click - This event performs a right-click operation as we normally do with the mouse.

->Actions class provides two methods to achieve it - 

• contextClick(WebElement element); --> element indicates on which element Right-Click will be performed.
• contextClick(); --> To perform right-click operation on the web-page.

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;  
   
 public class keyboard_Mouse_Events {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
           System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
             
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           driver.get("http://newtours.demoaut.com/");  
             
           driver.manage().window().maximize();//maximizing browser.  
             
           //Creating Actions Class Object  
           Actions act = new Actions(driver);  
             
           //Locating the element to perform right-click.  
           WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name='login']"));  
             
           //Performing right-click action on the element.  
           act.contextClick(element).perform();  
             
             
           }  
   
 }  
   

Explanation - 

• In this program, We are performing right-click on the 'Login' button of Mercury Tours application highlighted in the above image.
• 'element' variable is pointing to the 'Login' button.
• We have used perform() method as we are performing only single action.

#3 Double Click - This event performs a double-click operation as we normally do with the mouse.

->Actions class provides two methods to achieve it - 

• doubleClick(WebElement element); --> element indicates on which element double-Click will be performed.
• doubleClick(); --> To perform double-click operation on the web-page.

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;  
   
 public class keyboard_Mouse_Events {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
           System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
             
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           driver.get("http://newtours.demoaut.com/");  
             
           driver.manage().window().maximize();//maximizing browser.  
             
           //Creating Actions Class Object  
           Actions act = new Actions(driver);  
             
           //Locating the element to perform double-click.  
           WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//font[text()='Password:']"));  
             
           //Performing double-click action on the element.  
           act.doubleClick(element).perform();  
             
             
           }  
   
 }  
   

Explanation - 

• In this program, We are performing double-click on the 'Password' text of Mercury Tours application highlighted in the above image.
• 'element' variable is pointing to the 'Password' text.
• We have used perform() method as we are performing only single action.
• After performing the action, 'Password' text will be highlighted in blue.

#4 Drag And Drop - This event drags one element from the source location and drops it to the target location.

->Actions class provides two ways to achieve it -

1. clickAndHold(source_element).moveToElement(target_element).release().build().perform();
2. dragAndDrop(source_element,target_element);

First Approach - 

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.interactions.Actions;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.ExpectedConditions;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.support.ui.WebDriverWait;  
   
 public class keyboard_Mouse_Events {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
           System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
             
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           driver.get("https://jqueryui.com/droppable/");  
             
           driver.manage().window().maximize();//maximizing browser.  
             
           //Creating Actions Class Object  
           Actions act = new Actions(driver);  
             
           //Waiting for the frame to be available and switching to it.  
           WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver,10);  
           WebElement frame= driver.findElement(By.xpath("//iframe[@class='demo-frame']"));  
           wait.until(ExpectedConditions.frameToBeAvailableAndSwitchToIt(frame));  
             
           //Locating the element to drag.  
           WebElement drag_element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@id='draggable']"));  
             
           //Locating the element to drag.  
           WebElement drop_element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//div[@id='droppable']"));  
             
           //Performing drag and drop  
           act.clickAndHold(drag_element).moveToElement(drop_element).release().build().perform();  
             
           }  
   
 }  
   

• In this program, We are performing drag and drop operation as shown in the above image.
• These drag and drop elements are available under a frame. So we first switched to the frame by locating it. We waited for the frame to be available then switched to it.
• 'drag_element' variable is pointing to the element to be draggable.
• 'drop_element' variable is pointing to the element to be droppable.
• We have used build().perform() method as we are performing three operations.
• clickAndHold() -> It will click on the source element and hold it.
• moveToElement() -> It will move the hold element to the specified target element.
• release() -> It will release the hold element to the target element.

In this tutorial, I am going to discuss how to handle multiple windows using Selenium WebDriver.

Topics to be covered - 

• Multiple windows concept.
• Handle multiple windows using Selenium WebDriver.

Handle Multiple Windows In Selenium

Let's take the example of Login page of Facebook Application.

There is one link 'Cookie Policy' as highlighted in the above image. 

If we click on the link, what will happen?

It will open in the new window. That's mean we have two opened windows now.

This is the concept of multiple windows. 

Now the question is, how to go to that second window and perform actions as required while automating the script?

Solution - We need to switch to that second window like we do while handling alert/frames and then we can perform required actions.

There are two methods in Selenium WebDriver to handle multiple windows - 

• driver.getWindowHandle() - It returns the control of current opened window.

          Return type - String

• driver.getWindowHandles() - It returns the control of all the opened windows so that we can iterate over the all the windows.

           Return Type - Set<String>

Selenium WebDriver provides one command in order to switch to the expected window -  switchTo().window("window_name");

Scenario - 

1. Open the Login Page of the Facebook application (Main Window).
2. Get the control of the currently opened window.
3. Click on the "Cookie Policy" link.
4. Now get the control of all the opened windows.
5. Switch to the second window (Second Window).
6. Get the title of the page.
7. Switch back to the main window.

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import java.util.Iterator;  
 import java.util.Set;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
   
   
 public class MultipleWindows {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {  
             
     System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           //Facebook application opened  
           driver.get("http://www.facebook.com/");  
             
           //window is maximized  
           driver.manage().window().maximize();  
             
           //control of main window is taken  
           String parentwindow = driver.getWindowHandle();  
             
           //"Cookie Policy" link is identified and clicked on it  
           driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Cookie")).click();  
             
           //control of all the opened window is taken  
           Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();  
             
           //logic to switch to the the expected window  
           Iterator<String> iterator = windows.iterator();  
           while(iterator.hasNext())  
           {  
                  
           String chid = iterator.next();  
           if(!parentwindow.equalsIgnoreCase(chid));  
           {  
                driver.switchTo().window(chid);  
           }  
                  
           }  
             
           //Waiting on the expected window for the specified time to observe the flow  
           //Thread.sleep() - Throws expection. It will ask to handle it while writting the command.   
           Thread.sleep(5000);  
             
           //Title of the expected page is displayed on the console  
           System.out.println(driver.getTitle());  
             
           //switching back to the main window  
           driver.switchTo().window(parentwindow);  
             
   
      }  
   
 }  
   

• 'windows' - refers to all the opened windows. 
• Using the concept of Iterator interface and its iterator() method, to iterate over all the opened windows.
• Checking whether newly opened window apart from the main window(parent window).
• If yes, then switching to the newly opened window(child window).

           Set<String> windows = driver.getWindowHandles();  
             
           Iterator<String> iterator = windows.iterator();  
           while(iterator.hasNext())  
           {  
                  
           String chid = iterator.next();  
           if(!parentwindow.equalsIgnoreCase(chid));  
           {  
                driver.switchTo().window(chid);  
           }  

In this tutorial, I am going to cover how to handle exceptions in Selenium WebDriver.

Topics to be covered -

• What is Exception?
• Different WebDriver Exceptions.

Exceptions in WebDriver

What is Exception?

An exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program. It interrupts the normal flow of execution of the program.

Whenever an exception occurs the system creates an exception object that contains detailed information of the exception and throws it i.e., it halts the normal execution flow and displays information about the exception on the console window.

If we do not want such abnormal termination of the execution of the program, handling these exceptions is necessary.

Handling exception means to avoid abnormal halts of the program flow and allowing the execution of the program even after the occurrence of an exception. This ensures the execution of the entire program.

Different Exceptions in Selenium WebDriver - 

Below is the list of most commonly exceptions occurred while creating Selenium Webdriver scripts - 

• ElementNotVisibleException.
• ElementNotSelectableException.
• NoSuchElementException. 
• ElementNotClickableException.
• NoSuchFrameException.
• NoAlertPresentException.
• NoSuchWindowException.
• TimeoutException.
• WebDriverException.
• SessionNotFoundException.

1. NoSuchElementException - This exception occurs when you are trying to locate an element using wrong locators.

In case if you don't know how to locate an element in Selenium follow the link below - Locating the elements in Selenium

In the above images, we are trying to inspect 'Email or Phone' field of the Facebook application whose locator is - id="email" 

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
   
 public class SeleniumExceptions {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
           System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
             
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           driver.get("https://www.facebook.com");//launch facebook application.  
             
           driver.manage().window().maximize();//maximizing browser.  
             
           driver.findElement(By.id("email123")).sendKeys("abcd1234");  
   
   
      }  
   
 }  
   

Note -  In the above program we used id="email123" which is a wrong locator so you will get below exception -

2. NoAlertPresentException - This exception occurs when you are trying to switch to an alert/pop-up window which is not available.

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
   
 public class SeleniumExceptions {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
           System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
             
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           driver.get("https://www.facebook.com");//launch facebook application.  
             
           driver.manage().window().maximize();//maximizing browser.  
             
           Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();  
   
   
      }  
   
 }  
   

Note - In the last statement of the above program we are trying to switch to an alert after opening the login page of Facebook. But there is no such alert window appears when you open the Facebook application. So you will get below exception -

3. NoSuchFrameException - This exception occurs when you are trying to switch to a frame which is not available.

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
   
 public class SeleniumExceptions {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
           System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
             
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           driver.get("https://www.facebook.com");//launch facebook application.  
             
           driver.manage().window().maximize();//maximizing browser.  
             
           driver.switchTo().frame("framename");  
   
   
      }  
   
 }  
   

Note - In the last statement of the above program we are trying to switch to a frame after opening the login page of Facebook. But there is no such frame when you open the Facebook application. So you will get below exception -

4. NoSuchWindowException - This exception occurs when you are trying to switch to a window which is not available.

 package com.sessions;  
   
 import org.openqa.selenium.Alert;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.By;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;  
 import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;  
   
 public class SeleniumExceptions {  
   
      public static void main(String[] args) {  
           System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "F:\\software\\chromedriver_win32\\chromedriver.exe");  
             
           WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();  
             
           driver.get("https://www.facebook.com");//launch facebook application.  
             
           driver.manage().window().maximize();//maximizing browser.  
             
           driver.switchTo().window("Homepage");  
   
   
      }  
   
 }